De Carlo, G. (1980) ‘An Architecture of Participation’, Perspecta, 17, pp. 74–79.



De Carlo defines participation as a structural transformation of architectural authorship. Architecture should become progressively less the representation of its designer and more the representation of its users, because buildings and people exist in a relation of reciprocal necessity. The critique is aimed not simply at professional arrogance but at a deeper separation between architecture and everyday life, reinforced by aesthetic evaluation that treats use as contamination. Participation alters this logic by making objectives, solutions, uses and criteria of judgement subject to reciprocal adjustment over time. Architectural planning therefore becomes a process rather than a one-directional delivery of form. The methodological operation is negotiated feedback: users are not consulted after design but become active agents whose actions continuously redefine the project. The wider bridge is to participatory design, democratic planning and social systems theory, where legitimacy emerges through iterative interaction rather than through the authority of a single expert.