Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.


Hardt and Negri's Empire formulates a theory of sovereignty after classical imperialism, arguing that global rule has shifted from rivalry among nation-states toward a decentered, networked order of juridical, military, economic and biopolitical command. Its iconic idea is that Empire is not a place or a nation but a logic of rule that regulates global exchanges while producing life, subjectivity and social cooperation. The theoretical contribution lies in combining Marx, Spinoza, Foucault, Deleuze and postcolonial critique into a vocabulary of biopolitical production, control, immaterial labour and counter-power. Its operation is synthetic and geopolitical: it names the constitutional form of global capitalism while searching for immanent alternatives within the productive capacities of the multitude. The bridge to the wider field is political ontology. Empire connects sovereignty, labour, communication, law and resistance in a single problematic, making globalisation intelligible as both domination and generative terrain.